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Crystallography

Crystallography relates to the examination of the atomic and molecular structure of crystals and affords considerable knowledge of the properties of materials. Crystallography enables scientists to correctly estimate and design the object and substance properties based on the atomic structure in a lattice and use this knowledge for material science, chemistry, physics, and biology needed for multiple applications.

The technique used most in crystallography is X-ray diffraction (XRD) whereby one directs X-rays at a crystalline material. When the X-rays go through the crystal, they scatter in a way that matters depending on the internal organization of the material. The diffraction pattern obtained is thereafter interpreted to provide information on the three-dimensional atomic structure. This approach is essential, especially in providing a correct architecture of compact structures including minerals and metals, polymers, and even biological products like DNA and proteins.

Structural analysis is one of the main methods in material characterization techniques whereby crystallography is the main key component. Knowledge of a material’s crystal structure is vital when choosing and tailoring its characteristics of the material for certain applications. For example, in the semiconductor and superconductor applications, the atomic structure determines conductivity and efficiency. In the pharmaceutical industry, the technique is used to determine the crystal structure of the drug molecules and therefore design them for optimal performance.

In solid-state physics and metallurgy, crystallography is the technique of dealing with the crystal growth mechanisms for the purpose of improving characteristics such as strength or strength-to-weight ratio, hardness, and ductility of material. Likewise, in nanotechnology which is the manipulation of matter at the atomic level and the use of structures sized from 1 to 100 nanometers, atomic-level control is critical in creating enhanced material.

Continuing to develop the technology of crystallography, to reveal new layers of structural formation, and to help extend the application of advanced technology in fields such as electronics, energy, health care, and other industries where performance is so critical to the function of the material.

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